Researching Zero-Knowledge Proofs in Blockchain Ecosystems for Enhanced Voting Transparency in Catalyst Voting Process: A Potential Application

[GENERAL] Name and surname of main applicant

Edet Ekpenyong

[GENERAL] Are you delivering this project as an individual or as an entity (whether formally incorporated or not)

Individual

[GENERAL] Please specify how many months you expect your project to last (from 2-12 months)

8

[GENERAL] Please indicate if your proposal has been auto-translated into English from another language.

No

[GENERAL] Summarize your solution to the problem (200-character limit including spaces)

Research on Zero-Knowledge Proofs in form of cryptographic tools for blockchain ecosystems allows enhanced voting transparency in the Catalyst voting process without revealing the information itself.

[GENERAL] Does your project have any dependencies on other organizations, technical or otherwise?

No

[GENERAL] If YES, please describe what the dependency is and why you believe it is essential for your project’s delivery. If NO, please write “No dependencies.”

No dependencies

[GENERAL] Will your project’s output/s be fully open source?

Yes

[GENERAL] Please provide here more information on the open source status of your project outputs

The concept of researching Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) in blockchain ecosystems for enhanced voting transparency in the Catalyst voting process is an open-source idea, meaning it is freely available for anyone to develop and implement. The underlying technologies, such as blockchain technology and ZKPs, are also open-source, making it feasible for anyone to contribute to the development of a solution based on this concept.

[METADATA] SDG rating

SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions: By enhancing the transparency and security of voting mechanisms in the Cardano ecosystem, this solution can contribute to more peaceful and inclusive societies, reducing violence and insecurity, and promoting responsive, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels.

SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities: By promoting fair and transparent voting processes, this solution can help reduce inequalities within and beyond Cardano community, ensuring that all individuals have equal opportunities to participate in voting processes and influence decisions that affect their lives.

[SOLUTION] Please describe your proposed solution.

Abstract

Blockchain technology has garnered significant attention owing to its potential to revolutionize various sectors, including voting systems. The decentralized nature of blockchains ensures transparency, immutability, and security, addressing the challenges faced by traditional voting systems. This robust research explores the application of zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) within blockchain ecosystems for enhancing the voting process, with a particular focus on the potential utilization in the Catalyst voting process. ZKPs not only preserve privacy by eliminating the need for sharing actual data but also provide verifiability and security.

This research delves into the workings of blockchain ecosystems with ZKPs, their benefits, challenges, and potential implementation within the Catalyst voting process.

Solution

This research proposes leveraging zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) in blockchain ecosystems to enhance voting transparency in the Catalyst voting process. ZKPs are a cryptographic technique that allows a prover to demonstrate the validity of a statement without revealing the underlying information. Preliminary research into other ecosystems reveals the following benefits of ZKPs in the voting process, including:

Enhanced Voter Privacy: ZKPs enable voters to prove their eligibility and cast their votes without revealing their actual choices, safeguarding their privacy.

Improved Voting Security: ZKPs can be used to verify voter identities and prevent unauthorized voting, ensuring the integrity of the voting process.

Enhanced Transparency: Blockchain technology provides an immutable and transparent record of all voting transactions, allowing for public audit and verification of the voting process.

ZKPs for Voter Identity Verification: Voters can prove their eligibility using ZKPs without revealing their identities, ensuring only authorized individuals can participate.

ZKPs for Voter Privacy Protection: Voters can cast their votes using ZKPs, proving their choices without revealing their identities, safeguarding their privacy.

Several blockchain-based voting systems are currently in development or deployment, each with its unique approach and features. A comparative analysis of these systems highlights the potential benefits of incorporating ZKPs into the Catalyst voting process.

Zcash: Zcash, a privacy-focused cryptocurrency, utilizes ZKPs to conceal transaction amounts and sender/recipient identities. This demonstrates the feasibility of using ZKPs in blockchain-based voting systems to protect voter privacy.

Espresso Systems: Espresso Systems is a decentralized voting platform that employs ZKPs to protect voter privacy and verify vote integrity. Their approach emphasizes the use of ZKPs to address the transparency and security concerns of electronic voting systems.

Aeternity: Aeternity is a blockchain platform that supports ZKPs and offers a development framework for building secure and transparent voting applications. Their platform provides a foundation for developing ZKP-based voting solutions.

Potential Use Case

The proposed research findings shows that Cardano Catalyst community can develop ZKPs that offers distinct advantages compared to the other blockchain voting ecosystems mentioned above.

Process and Methodology for Researching ZKPs in Catalyst Voting

Phase 1: Literature Review (3 months)

I. Deliverables

Research listings: Make a comprehensive list of research papers, articles, and relevant resources on ZKP-based voting systems and blockchain ecosystems. Each entry should be annotated with key findings, strengths, weaknesses, and applicability to Catalyst voting.

• Comparative analysis of ZKP schemes: A detailed comparison of different ZKPs suitable for Catalyst voting, including range proofs, zk-SNARKs, and other emerging schemes. This will include an analysis of their advantages and limitations in terms of voter anonymity, vote privacy, result accuracy, and computational efficiency.

• Research gap identification: A clear and concise identification of specific research gaps related to applying ZKPs to Catalyst voting on a side chain. This will highlight areas needing further investigation, such as side chain interaction protocols and optimized ZKP tallying for Catalyst's voting process.

II. Outputs

Review existing research:

• Explore existing ZKP-based voting systems and their application to blockchain ecosystems.

• Analyze the advantages and limitations of different ZKP schemes (e.g., range proofs, zk-SNARKs).

• Identify research gaps specifically relevant to Catalyst voting (e.g., side chain considerations).

Phase 2: Technical Exploration (2 months)

I. Deliverables

• Plutus and ZKP library capabilities report: An in-depth assessment of Plutus's current capabilities for ZKP implementation and the potential of existing ZKP libraries like Marlowe-zkp. This will also include Identifying any limitations or missing functionalities that could hinder the project's progress.

• Side chain interaction proposal: A detailed proposal outlining a secure and efficient protocol for interacting with the Catalyst side chain for ZKP verification and potential data exchange. This should address potential security risks and performance bottlenecks.

• ZKP tallying complexity analysis: A comprehensive analysis of the computational complexity of applying ZKPs to tally votes in Catalyst. This should include theoretical explanations, simulations with realistic data, and potential optimizations for scalability and real-time feasibility.

II. Outputs

Technical feasibility assessment:

• Evaluate the current capabilities of Plutus and potential ZKP libraries (e.g., Marlowe-zkp).

• Investigate side chain interactions and potential bridging mechanisms for ZKP verification.

• Analyze the computational complexity of ZKP tallying in the context of Catalyst voting.

Phase 3: Evaluation, Performance and Reporting (3 months)

I. Deliverables

• Community feedback report: A comprehensive report summarizing feedback from the Catalyst community and Cardano developers on the ZKP-based voting scheme. This should include usability assessments, suggestions for improvement, and alignment with Catalyst's specific needs.

• Performance and scalability benchmarks: A set of benchmark results comparing the prototype's performance against established benchmarks and simulations. This should assess efficiency, scalability, and potential bottlenecks for further optimization.

• Final research report: A comprehensive report summarizing the entire research process, including literature review findings, technical exploration results, evaluation outcomes, and refined ZKP-based scheme details. This should also outline future research directions and potential applications beyond Catalyst voting.

II. Outputs

Evaluation with Catalyst community:

• Present the research findings to the Cardano Catalyst community and Cardano developers.

• Gather feedback on usability with Catalyst voting needs from Cardano Catalyst community.

• Refine the ZKP-based scheme based on community input and feedback.

• Performance and scalability analysis:

• Benchmark the research for efficiency and scalability.

• Preempt potential bottlenecks and optimize the ZKP scheme for smoother operation.

• Documentation and reporting:

• Prepare comprehensive documentation and report outlining the research process, summarizing the research findings, and future research directions.

[IMPACT] Please define the positive impact your project will have on the wider Cardano community.

The expected positive impact of this research on the wider Cardano community are to:

1. Enhanced Voter Privacy: ZKPs empower voters to prove their eligibility and cast their ballots without revealing their actual choices, safeguarding their privacy and preventing any form of coercion or intimidation.
2. Global Applicability: The underlying principles of ZKPs and blockchain technology can be adapted to various voting contexts, making it a promising solution for elections worldwide.
3. Advancement of blockchain technology and ZKPs in the realm of voting systems, paving the way for more secure and transparent elections worldwide.
4. Improved Voting Security: ZKPs can effectively verify voter identities and prevent unauthorized voting, ensuring the integrity of the voting process. This mitigates the risk of impersonation, double voting, or other malicious activities that could compromise the election results.
5. Enhanced Transparency: Blockchain technology provides an immutable and transparent record of all voting transactions. This allows for public scrutiny and audit of the voting process, fostering trust and confidence in the system's fairness and accuracy.
6. Increased Voter Participation: By addressing concerns about privacy and security, ZKPs can encourage greater voter participation, leading to a more inclusive and representative democratic process.
7. Empowerment of Individuals: ZKPs can empower individuals to take control of their voting data and ensure their privacy is protected throughout the voting process.

[CAPABILITY & FEASIBILITY] What is your capability to deliver your project with high levels of trust and accountability? How do you intend to validate if your approach is feasible?

Research on Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) in blockchain ecosystems to enhance voting transparency in the Catalyst voting process can be implemented with high levels of trust and accountability by adhering to the following principles:

• Transparency and Open Source: The research process should be open and transparent, with the documentation freely available for public scrutiny and review. This fosters trust and allows for community participation in ensuring the integrity of the solution.

• Rigorous Testing and Auditing: The proposed research methodology solution should undergo development, testing and auditing to identify and address any potential security vulnerabilities or flaws. This can be achieved through independent security audits and community-driven testing initiatives.

• Decentralization and Fault Tolerance: The proposed research should introduce elements of decentralization and fault-tolerant, relying on distributed network consensus mechanisms and redundancy to prevent centralized control and ensure resilience against failures.

• Privacy Preserving: The research should prioritize voter privacy, employing ZKPs and other cryptographic techniques to protect voter identities and choices without compromising the integrity of the voting process.

• Community Governance and Oversight: The research should incorporate community governance mechanisms to ensure ongoing oversight, maintenance, and evolution of the system. This can be achieved through community forums, voting mechanisms, and transparent decision-making processes.

Validating Feasibility

To validate the feasibility of the proposed approach, a comprehensive testing and evaluation process should be conducted in due course. This process should involve the following steps:

• Proof-of-Concept Development: Develop a document showing proof-of-concept methodology, demonstrating the core functionalities and capabilities of the system.

• Security Analysis and Testing: Conduct rigorous security analysis and penetration testing to identify and address any potential security vulnerabilities or weaknesses in due course.

• Performance Evaluation: Evaluate the performance of the system in terms of scalability, transaction throughput, and resource utilization to ensure it can meet the demands of the Catalyst voting process.

• Pilot Testing and User Feedback: Prepare a document showing pilot testing for a small group of users in order to gather feedback on the usability, effectiveness, and user experience of the solution.

• Independent Audit and Review: Engage independent Cardano expert groups to review the code, design, and testing results to provide an objective assessment of the solution's feasibility and security.

[Project Milestones] What are the key milestones you need to achieve in order to complete your project successfully?

Research and Design: ZKP-based Voter Identity Verification ($20,000)

• Develop and evaluate ZKP-based protocols for voter identity verification, ensuring compatibility with existing Cardano infrastructure.

Milestone 2: ZKP-based Voter Privacy Protection ($30,000)

• Develop and evaluate ZKP-based protocols for voter privacy protection, ensuring robust protection against vote disclosure and manipulation.

ZKP-based Voting Integrity Assurance ($20,000)

• Develop and evaluate ZKP-based protocols for voting integrity assurance, ensuring the accuracy and verifiability of voting results.
• Prepare documentation that shows ZKP-based voting integrity assurance into the Catalyst voting process, enabling transparent and verifiable auditing of voting results.

Pilot Testing and User Feedback ($10,000)

• Conduct pilot testing with a small group of users to gather feedback on the usability, effectiveness, and user experience of the solution.

[RESOURCES] Who is in the project team and what are their roles?

• Mr. Edet Ekpenyong - Founder & CEO

https://www.linkedin.com/in/edet-ekpenyong-b65056106

Edet Ekpenyong is the Founder and Chief Executive Officer of BridgingSpace Technologies Limited, an Ambassador of the Institute of Economics and Peace, Sydney, Australia, and a Fellow of President Obama’s Signature Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI). Having served as Co-Director, Manager, Consultant, among others, in both community based and international organizations, Ekpenyong has the wealth of experience and capacity to manage diverse projects across different themes. He is visionary, a design-thinker, and a global think tank. He is a Biomedical Scientist garnering significant certificates following training in different areas including leadership and management in health, Global Mental Health and project management in global health from the Department of Global Health, University of Washington, as well as governance and health and human resources for health from the Global Health E-learning Centre..

He is the Founder & CEO of BridgingSpace. Through his work, he has been accepted and made it to the semifinals of some notable multi-national incubator and accelerator programs including Mass Challenge - semifinalist (Boston), Bridge to Mass Challenge - Top 10 Finalist (Nigeria), VC4A Mentor Driven Capital - incubated winners, Social Innovators Program and Awards by LEAP Africa - semifinalist, AfricavsVirus Challenge (featured), MIT Challenge (featured), Alibaba GET Challenge (featured), Ignite Africa challenge (semifinalist) and was recently selected as one of the 30 Most Inspiring Digital Innovations of 2020 by Spindle, the innovation platform of Partos. BridgingSpace was also accepted to represent Nigeria (NITDA) in the GITEX Future Stars Showcase at Dubai World Trade Centre, 2021.

He is an AI translator enthusiast and currently an EMBA grad at the Quantic School of Business & Technology.

[BUDGET & COSTS] Please provide a cost breakdown of the proposed work and resources.

Phase 1: Research and Design - ZKP-based Voter Identity Verification

Milestone Related Budget: $20,000

Phase 2: ZKP-based Voter Privacy Protection

Milestone Related Budget: $30,000

Phase 3: ZKP-based Voting Integrity Assurance

Milestone Related Budget: $20,000

Phase 4: Pilot Testing and User Feedback

Milestone Related Budget: $10,000

[VALUE FOR MONEY] How does the cost of the project represent value for money for the Cardano ecosystem?

Leveraging Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) in blockchain ecosystems for enhanced voting transparency in the Catalyst voting process can bring significant value to the Cardano ecosystem by enhancing the security, privacy, and transparency of voting mechanisms. This can lead to increased trust and participation in governance processes, ultimately contributing to the long-term growth and success of the Cardano ecosystem.

Here's a detailed breakdown of how ZKPs can add value to Cardano:

1. Enhanced Security: ZKPs provide a robust mechanism for verifying voter identities and preventing unauthorized voting, ensuring the integrity of the voting process and protecting the Cardano ecosystem from malicious actor.
2. Improved Privacy: ZKPs enable voters to prove their eligibility and cast their votes without revealing their actual choices, safeguarding their privacy and fostering trust in the voting process.
3. Enhanced Transparency: Blockchain technology provides an immutable and transparent record of all voting transactions, allowing for public audit and verification of the voting process.
4. Increased Participation: By addressing concerns about security, privacy, and transparency, ZKPs can encourage greater participation in governance processes, leading to a more inclusive and democratic Cardano ecosystem.
5. Reputation Enhancement: Implementing ZKPs for voting demonstrates Cardano's commitment to innovation and security, enhancing its reputation and attracting more users and developers to the ecosyste

While there are initial costs associated with developing and implementing ZKPs, the long-term benefits in terms of security, privacy, transparency, and increased participation far outweigh these initial investments. ZKPs can play a crucial role in solidifying Cardano's position as a leading blockchain ecosystem with a strong governance system.

[IMPORTANT NOTE] The Applicant agrees to Fund Rules and also that data in the submission form and other data provided by the project team during the course of the project will be publicly available.

I Accept